Background In Northern Uganda’s patriarchal communities, women play vital yet underrecognized roles in environmental conservation. There is limited research examining the socio-cultural roles women play in society in northern Uganda. This study, conducted in Gulu District, examined the socio-cultural functions performed by women in safeguarding natural resources. Methods This study employed an analytical cross-sectional design involving 395 women aged 18–49 in Gulu District, selected for its patriarchal context. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and analyzed with SPSS, applying descriptive and inferential statistics. Key variables included women’s roles in environmental conservation and barriers to participation. Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained to ensure research integrity. Results The study found that women in Gulu District play vital socio-cultural roles in environmental conservation, particularly as custodians of indigenous knowledge (Mean = 4.42), active participants in tree planting (Mean = 4.11), and conservers of ecosystems (Mean = 4.04). However, their involvement in advocacy (Mean = 3.46) and decision-making (Mean = 3.20) was perceived as limited, reflecting the constraints of a patriarchal society. Additionally, evolving gender roles have negatively impacted women’s engagement, with 47.6% citing excessive domestic workload and 44.1% reporting reduced participation in conservation activities. These findings highlight both the significance of women’s contributions and the structural barriers that hinder their full involvement in environmental governance. Conclusion Despite these challenges, women’s contributions remain central to sustainable environmental stewardship. The study recommends targeted sensitization and training programs to promote gender equality and community acceptance of women’s leadership in environmental governance. Show less

Background Women’s participation in environmental conservation within patriarchal societies is a critical factor for achieving sustainable development and improved community outcomes. Despite this importance, limited research has examined women’s perceptions of their roles and contributions to environmental conservation. The current study aimed to (1) explore women’s perceptions of their roles in environmental conservation within patriarchal structures, and (2) to document the effectiveness of strategies enhancing their participation. Methods This study followed a phenomenological design, using thematic data analysis. Information was gathered through semistructured interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs), and key informant interviews with technocrats, civil servants, local leaders, and NGO staff. The sample size of the study was 30 participants, obtained using the point of saturation principle. The focus group consisted of 24 participants and 06 Key Informants. The study tools were pretested with a small group before the main fieldwork. Participants were selected using purposive sampling. The size of the sample was guided by data saturation. Results The findings show that although women’s representation in local councils and environmental committees has grown due to the 30% quota requirement, their influence remains constrained by systemic barriers. Political interference undermines technical teams’ conservation efforts, while widespread community ignorance of environmental laws limits compliance. Weak enforcement and corruption, with leaders themselves implicated in destructive practices, further erode progress. Critically, inadequate financing such as subcounties allocating only 600,000 shillings for sensitization, leaves many activities unimplemented, forcing reliance on development partners. Conclusion The study concludes that sustainable environmental stewardship requires not only legal reforms and institutional accountability but also adequate financing and communitydriven strategies that amplify women’s voices and foster collective responsibility. Show less

Introduction Agriculture is the backbone of Uganda’s rural economy, with smallholder farmers forming the majority of the farming population. Despite irrigation farming being recognized as a pathway to improved productivity and livelihood resilience, empirical studies on its adoption and outcomes in Uganda remain scanty. This limited evidence informed this cross-sectional analysis to evaluate how irrigation farming adoption influences smallholder farmers’ livelihoods in Uganda. Methods This study used a cross-sectional design to assess the link between irrigation adoption and livelihood outcomes among smallholder farmers in Uganda. From a target of 422 respondents, 387 participated (91.7% response rate). Districts, sub-counties, and farmers were purposively selected, with proportional representation to ensure balance. Data were analyzed using SPSS and STATA 18, applying descriptive statistics, Chi-square tests, regression, and logistic models. Assumptions of linearity and multicollinearity were checked, while Poisson regression and mixed models enhanced robustness. Results Adoption of modern irrigation technologies was generally low, with overall mean scores below 2.0 for drip, sprinkler, pump, hose pipe, and solar-powered systems, while small-scale manual methods showed moderate uptake (mean = 2.695, SD = 1.498). In contrast, livelihood outcomes were consistently high: agricultural productivity (mean = 3.802, SD = 0.688) reflected strong yields and profitability but moderate climate adaptation (mean = 2.907, SD = 1.241); income growth was notable (mean = 3.672, SD = 0.894); food security and social services were very high (means above 4.2), with clean water access scoring highest (mean = 4.455, SD = 0.529); and asset growth was positive (mean = 3.760, SD = 0.795). Overall livelihood outcomes averaged 3.963 (SD = 0.577). Correlation analysis showed a weak but significant positive relationship between irrigation adoption and livelihoods (r = 0.208, p = 0.000), while regression confirmed irrigation adoption significantly improved outcomes (β = 0.134, p = 0.000), explaining 4.1% of the variation. Show less